matrize

1. Geol.

Fosilen bat, pikorren bat, kristalen bat edo beste partikularen bat barnean duen tamaina finagoko materiala.

2. Mat.

Errenkadatan (lerro horizontaletan) eta zutabetan (lerro bertikaletan) antolaturiko elementuek osatzen duten taula angeluzuzena. (aij) ikurraz adierazten da, i errenkadaren zenbakia eta j zutabearen zenbakia izanik. Matrizearen ordena (edo matrizearen dimentsioa) m × n moduan adierazten da, m errenkada-kopurua eta n zutabe-kopurua izanik. Matrizeak batu eta biderkatu egin daitezke, baldintza batzuen mende, baita eskalar batez biderkatu ere. Matrizeak aljebra linealean erabiltzen dira. Determinanteak ez bezala, matrizeak ez du zenbakizko baliorik, baina matrizeak elementuen arteko erlazioei buruzko arazoak aztertzeko erabiltzen dira.

3. Teknol. Mek.
sin. trokel

Ebaketa bidezko eta deformazio bidezko konformazioetan erabiltzen den erreminta-bikotea osatzen duten erremintetako bat, bietan handiena eta bere barnean bestea (puntzoia) hartzen duena. Bi erremintak elkartzean, tartean den objektuari forma jakin bat ematen diote. Forma emateko ez baizik eta ebakitzeko erabiltzekoa denean, forma jakin bateko ertz ebakitzaileak ditu, eta, presioz, forma horretako piezak (larrua, kartoia, txapa, etab.) ebakitzen ditu.

2. Mat.
Errenkadatan (lerro horizontaletan) eta zutabetan (lerro bertikaletan) antolaturiko elementuek osatzen duten taula angeluzuzena. (aij) ikurraz adierazten da, i errenkadaren zenbakia eta j zutabearen zenbakia izanik. Matrizearen ordena (edo matrizearen dimentsioa) m × n moduan adierazten da, m errenkada-kopurua eta n zutabe-kopurua izanik. Matrizeak batu eta biderkatu egin daitezke, baldintza batzuen mende, baita eskalar batez biderkatu ere. Matrizeak aljebra linealean erabiltzen dira. Determinanteak ez bezala, matrizeak ez du zenbakizko baliorik, baina matrizeak elementuen arteko erlazioei buruzko arazoak aztertzeko erabiltzen dira.

Matrizeak Edit

Egilea: Itziar Baragaña

MATRIZEAK

Definizioak

Definizioa 𝕂 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ gorputza emanik, m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ dimentsioko matrize deritzo m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaaaa@36E0@ errenkada eta n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ zutabe dituen eskalarren taulari:

A =   ( a 11 a 12 a 1 n a 21 a 22 a 2 n a m 1 a m 2 a m n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6001@

m = n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabg2da9iaad6gaaaa@38D9@  denean, matrizeari n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ ordenako matrize karratu deritzo.

Idazkeran, matrizearen elementuak adierazteko, bi indize erabiltzen dira: a i j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaaaa@38DD@ , lehenengo indizeak errenkada adierazten du eta bigarrenak, berriz, zutabea; hau da, a i j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaaaa@38DD@  osagaia i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaaaa@36DC@. errenkadan eta j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaaaa@36DD@. zutabean dago. Adibidez, a 23 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaGaaG4maaqabaaaaa@3879@ elementua bigarren errenkadan eta hirugarren zutabean dago.

𝕂 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ -ren elementuak dituzten m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ dimentsioko matrizeen multzoa 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaaa@3CE7@ ikurrarekin adieraziko dugu.

Adibidea 

A = ( 2 0 3 1.5 π 2 7 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabiWaaaqaaiaaikdaaeaacaaIWaaabaWaaOaaaeaacaaIZaaaleqaaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaac6cacaaI1aaabaGaeqiWdahabaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaaG4naaaaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@42FD@

MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@375E@-ren gaineko 2 × 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmaiabgEna0kaaiodaaaa@397E@ dimentsioko matrizea da. Hau da, A 2 × 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaiabgEna0kaaiodaaaaaaa@3D65@ . Bigarren errenkadako eta lehenengo zutabeko elementua a 21 = 1,5 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcqGHsislcaaIXaGaaiilaiaaiwdaaaa@3C9E@  da.

Matrize bati zero matrize edo matrize nulu deituko diogu osagai guztiak 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@  badira. 0 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimamaaBaaaleaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaqabaaaaa@3AD0@  edo, nahasgarria ez bada, 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@ adierazten da.

0 = ( a i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44AD@ , non a i j = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3AA7@  den, i = 1, , m ; j = 1, , n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaad2gacaGG7aGaamOAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaad6gaaaa@42F5@

0 = MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabg2da9aaa@37AE@ ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeabeaaaaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaeS47IWeabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaeS47IWeabaGaaGimaaqaaiabl6Uinbqaaiabl6UinbqaaiablcViobqaaiabl6UinbqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaeS47IWeabaGaaGimaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@5422@

Definizioa A = ( a i j ) 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44B9@  matrize karratua emanik, a i i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamyAaaqabaaaaa@38DB@ osagaiek, i = 1,..., n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaaiOlaiaac6cacaGGUaGaaiilaiaad6gaaaa@3D05@, eratzen duten lerroari A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ matrizearen diagonal nagusi deituko diogu.

Definizioa n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@   ordenako identitate matrize esango diogu diagonal nagusiko osagaien balioa 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaaaa@36A9@  eta gainerako osagaiena 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@  dituen n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ ordenako matrize karratuari. I n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37DB@ ikurrarekin adieraziko dugu.

I n =  ( a ) i j  𝕂   n × n ,     a i j = { 1, i = j  bada 0, i j  bada   ,   i , j = l , , n  izanik . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@73F4@

I n   = ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiaabccacqGH9aqpdaqadaqaauaabeqaeqaaaaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacqWIVlctaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacqWIVlctaeaacaqGWaaabaGaeSO7I0eabaGaeSO7I0eabaGaeSy8I8eabaGaeSO7I0eabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacqWIVlctaeaacaqGXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@5788@ .

Definizioa A = ( a i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44B9@ matrizea emanik, A-ren aurkako matrize deituko diogu osagaitzat

A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ -ren osagaien aurkakoak dituen m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ dimentsioko matrizeari. A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0Iaamyqaaaa@37A1@ adierazten da.

A = ( b i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0Iaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@45A7@ , non b i j = a i j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcqGHsislcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgacaWGQbaabeaaaaa@3DCA@  den, i = 1, , m ; j = 1, , n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaad2gacaGG7aGaamOAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaad6gaaaa@42F5@

Definizioa A = ( a i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44B9@ matrizea emanda, A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren matrize irauli esaten zaio iMathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaaaa@36DC@. errenkadako eta j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaaaa@36DD@. zutabeko osagaia a j i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbGaamyAaaqabaaaaa@38DD@ duen matrizeari. Hau da, A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren matrize iraulia lortzeko, zutabeak errenkada gisa jarri behar dira, eta errenkadak zutabe gisa. A T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaaaaa@37BA@ ikurrarekin adierazten da.

A T = ( b i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@45CA@ , non b i j = a j i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@3CDD@  den , i = 1,…, n ; j = 1,…, m.

Oharra: ( A T ) T = A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaOGaeyypa0Jaamyqaaaa@3C29@ da.

Adibidea Izan bedi   A = ( 2 0 3 1,5 π 2 7 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabiWaaaqaaiaaikdaaeaacaaIWaaabaWaaOaaaeaacaaIZaaaleqaaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiaacYcacaaI1aaabaGaeqiWdahabaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaaG4naaaaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@42FB@

Hauek dira, hurrenez hurren, A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren aurkako matrizea eta matrize iraulia:

A = ( 2 0 3 1,5 π 2 7 )   ;            A T = ( 2 1,5 0 π 3 2 7 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@5BF8@ .

Definizioa A = ( a j i ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGQbGaamyAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44B9@  matrize karratua emanik,

  • A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@   simetrikoa da  A T = A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9iaadgeaaaa@3990@  bada, hau da, a i j = a j i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@3CDC@  bada, i , j = 1, , n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGQbGaeyypa0JaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamOBaaaa@3DB1@ .

    n ordenako matrize simetrikoen multzoa S n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4uamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37E5@ ikurrarekin adieraziko dugu:

S n : = { A 𝕂 m × n : A T = A } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4uamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiaacQdacqGH9aqpdaGabaqaaiaadgeacqGHiiIZaiaawUhaaiaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaGccaGG6aGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9iaadgeacaGG9baaaa@497B@ ,

  • A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@   antisimetrikoa da   A T = A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9iabgkHiTiaadgeaaaa@3A7D@  bada, hau da, a i j = a j i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcqGHsislcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadQgacaWGPbaabeaaaaa@3DC9@  bada, i , j = 1, , n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiaacYcacaWGQbGaeyypa0JaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamOBaaaa@3DB1@ .

    n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ ordenako matrize antisimetrikoen multzoa H n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamisamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37DA@ ikurrarekin adieraziko dugu:

    H n : = { A 𝕂 m × n : A T = A } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamisamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiaacQdacqGH9aqpdaGabaqaaiaadgeacqGHiiIZaiaawUhaaiaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaGccaGG6aGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9iaadgeacaGG9baaaa@4970@ .

Nabarmendu behar da matrize antisimetrikoetan diagonal nagusiko elementu guztiak 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@ direla; izan ere, a i i = a i i a i i = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamyAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcqGHsislcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgacaWGPbaabeaakiabgkDiElabgkHiTiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@45D3@ .

Definizioak A = ( a i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44B9@ matrize karratua emanik,

  • A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@   behe-triangeluarra da diagonal nagusiaren gaineko osagaiak 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@  badira: a i j = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3AA7@   i < j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabgYda8iaadQgaaaa@38CF@  denean.

A = ( a 11 0 0 a 21 a 22 0 a n 1 a n 2 a n n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabqabaaaaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdacaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaaicdaaeaacqWIVlctaeaacaaIWaaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaGaaGymaaqabaaakeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaikdacaaIYaaabeaaaOqaaiabl+UimbqaaiaaicdaaeaacqWIUlstaeaacqWIUlstaeaacqWIXlYtaeaacqWIUlstaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gacaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiaaikdaaeqaaaGcbaGaeS47IWeabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyyXICnaaa@5BB1@

  • A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@   goi-triangeluarra da diagonal nagusiaren azpiko osagaiak 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@  badira: a i j = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3AA7@   i > j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabg6da+iaadQgaaaa@38D3@  denean.

A = ( a 11 a 12 a 1 n 0 a 22 a 2 n 0 0 a n n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabqabaaaaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdacaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaiaaikdaaeqaaaGcbaGaeS47IWeabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaGaamOBaaqabaaakeaacaaIWaaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaGaaGOmaaqabaaakeaacqWIVlctaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaikdacaWGUbaabeaaaOqaaiabl6Uinbqaaiabl6UinbqaaiablgVipbqaaiabl6UinbqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaeS47IWeabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyyXICnaaa@5BB1@

  • A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@   diagonala da diagonal nagusitik kanpo osagaiak 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@  badira: a i j = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@3AA7@   i j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaiabgcMi5kaadQgaaaa@3992@  denean. Hau da, A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ behe- eta goi-triangeluarra da.

A = ( a 11 0 0 0 a 22 0 0 0 a n n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabqabaaaaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdacaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaaicdaaeaacqWIVlctaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGOmaiaaikdaaeqaaaGcbaGaeS47IWeabaGaaGimaaqaaiabl6Uinbqaaiabl6UinbqaaiablgVipbqaaiabl6UinbqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaeS47IWeabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyyXICnaaa@55B7@

Definizioak

  • m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaaaa@36E0@ dimentsioko zutabe-bektore esango diogu m errenkadako eta zutabe bakarreko x ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmiEayaaraaaaa@3702@ matrizeari:

x ¯   = ( x 1 x m ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmiEayaaraGaaeiiaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabmqaaaqaaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaaakeaacqWIUlstaeaacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2gaaeqaaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgwSixdaa@428E@

  • 𝕂 m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbaaaaaa@39DD@ ikurrarekin adieraziko dugu m dimentsioko zutabe-bektoreen multzoa. Hau da, 𝕂 m × 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaaGymaaaaaaa@3CAF@ multzoa 𝕂 m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbaaaaaa@39DD@ gisa adieraziko dugu.

  • m dimentsioko errenkada bektore esango diogu  m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaaaa@36E0@ zutabeko eta errenkada bakarreko matrizeari. Errenkada bektoreak zutabe-bektoreen irauliak dira.

x ¯ T   = ( x 1 x m ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmiEayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaOGaaeiiaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabeWaaaqaaiaadIhadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaaakeaacqWIVlctaeaacaWG4bWaaSbaaSqaaiaad2gaaeqaaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4154@

  • m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaaaa@36E0@ dimentsioko errenkada bektoreen multzoa 𝕂 1 × m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaGaey41aqRaamyBaaaaaaa@3CAF@  ikurrarekin adieraziko dugu.

Definizioa A 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F31@  matrizea emanik,

  • A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ matrizetik zenbait errenkada edota zutabe kentzean geratzen den matrizeari A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren azpimatrize esango diogu.

  • A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren azpimatrize bat A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren bloke bat da errenkaden eta zutabeen indizeak ondoz ondokoak badira.

Definizioa n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ dimentsioko I n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37DB@ identitate matrizearen zutabeei n dimentsioko bektore unitario deritze. Guztira, n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ dimentsioko n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ bektore unitario daude: e ¯ 1 , , e ¯ n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyzayaaraWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcaceWGLbGbaebadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaa@3C84@ .

e ¯ i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyzayaaraWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaaaa@380A@ bektoreak i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaaaa@36DC@ posizioan 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaaaa@36A9@ eta gainerakoetan 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaaaa@36A8@ dituen n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ dimentsioko bektorea da.

e ¯ i   =   i )   ( 0 0 1 0 0 )    ,   i = 1,..., n . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabeyzayaaraWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgaaeqaaOGaaeiiaiabg2da9iaabccacaWGPbGaaiykaiaabccadaqadaqaauaabeqaheaaaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacqWIUlstaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacqWIUlstaeaacaqGWaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeilaiaabccacaqGGaGaamyAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaaiOlaiaac6cacaGGUaGaaiilaiaad6gacaGGUaaaaa@509C@

Ohartu I n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37DB@ identitatearen zutabeak  e ¯ 1 , , e ¯ n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyzayaaraWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcaceWGLbGbaebadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaa@3C84@ direla.

Eragiketak matrizeekin

Matrizeen arteko batuketa

Definizioa m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ dimentsioko bi matrize emanik, A = ( a i j ) , B = ( b i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacaGGSaGaamOqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@4BB9@ , A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren eta B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@-ren arteko batura deritzo MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWexLMBbXgBd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbbjxAHXgiv5wAJ9gzLbsttbacfaqcLbuaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiaa=rbiaaa@42EB@ eta A + B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgUcaRiaadkeaaaa@385F@  moduan adierazten da MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWexLMBbXgBd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbbjxAHXgiv5wAJ9gzLbsttbacfaqcLbuaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiaa=rbiaaa@42EB@ , A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren eta B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@-ren osagaiak osagaiz osagai batuz lortzen den m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ dimentsioko C = ( c i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4qaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44BD@ matrizeari:

c i j = a i j + b i j ,   i = 1, , m ;   j = 1, , n . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadMgacaWGQbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaamyAaiaadQgaaeqaaOGaaiilaiaabccacaWGPbGaeyypa0JaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamyBaiaacUdacaqGGaGaamOAaiabg2da9iaaigdacaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiaad6gacaGGUaaaaa@5073@

Propietateak

  1. Bi matrizeren arteko batuketa trukakorra da:

    ( A , B 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaaiilaiaadkeacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@430A@          A + B = B + A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgUcaRiaadkeacqGH9aqpcaWGcbGaey4kaSIaamyqaaaa@3BD4@ .

  2. Bi matrizeren arteko batuketa elkarkorra da:

    ( A , B , C 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaaiilaiaadkeacaGGSaGaam4qaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@4482@      ( A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbGaey4kaSIaamOqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgUcaRiaadoeacqGH9aqpcaWGbbGaey4kaSYaaeWaaeaacaWGcbGaey4kaSIaam4qaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@423A@ .

  3. Badago elementu neutroa, 0 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F24@  

    ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@              A + 0 = 0 + A = A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgUcaRiaaicdacqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaey4kaSIaamyqaiabg2da9iaadgeaaaa@3D86@ .

  4. A 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F31@ matrize orok badu aurkakoa, ( A ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHsislcaWGbbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaaa@41A7@ :

    A + ( A ) = ( A ) + A = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgUcaRmaabmaabaGaeyOeI0IaamyqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaeyOeI0IaamyqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgUcaRiaadgeacqGH9aqpcaaIWaaaaa@427E@ .

  5. Baturaren iraulia iraulien batura da:

    ( A , B 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaaiilaiaadkeacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@430A@             ( A + B ) T = A T + B T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbGaey4kaSIaamOqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9iaadgeadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadsfaaaGccqGHRaWkcaWGcbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaaa@4083@ .

Korolarioa ( 𝕂 m × n , + ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaOGaaiilaiabgUcaRaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@400C@  talde abeldarra da.

Eskalarren eta matrizeen arteko biderketa

Definizioa c 𝕂 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4Aaaaa@3B2A@ eskalarra eta m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ dimentsioko A = ( a i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44B9@ matrizea emanik, c MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaaaa@36D6@-ren eta A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren arteko biderkadura esaten zaio MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWexLMBbXgBd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbbjxAHXgiv5wAJ9gzLbsttbacfaqcLbuaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiaa=rbiaaa@42EB@ eta c A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgwSixlaadgeaaaa@39E6@  (edo c   A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiaabccacaWGbbaaaa@383F@ ) moduan adierazi MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWexLMBbXgBd9gzLbvyNv2CaeHbbjxAHXgiv5wAJ9gzLbsttbacfaqcLbuaqaaaaaaaaaWdbiaa=rbiaaa@42EB@ A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren osagai bakoitza c MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaaaa@36D6@ eskalarrarekin biderkatuz lortzen den m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaa@39EA@ dimentsioko B = ( b i j ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44BB@ matrizeari:

b i j = c a i j ,   i = 1, , m ;   j = 1, , n . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaWGJbGaeyyXICTaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaGccaGGSaGaaeiiaiaadMgacqGH9aqpcaaIXaGaaiilaiablAciljaacYcacaWGTbGaai4oaiaabccacaWGQbGaeyypa0JaaGymaiaacYcacqWIMaYscaGGSaGaamOBaiaac6caaaa@4FC8@

Propietateak

  1. ( c 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGJbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@3D83@   ( A , B 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaaiilaiaadkeacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@430A@                       c ( A + B ) = c A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgwSixpaabmaabaGaamyqaiabgUcaRiaadkeaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGH9aqpcaWGJbGaeyyXICTaamyqaaaa@4218@ .

  2. ( c , d 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGJbGaaiilaiaadsgacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3F1C@   ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@                  ( c + d ) A = c A + d A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGJbGaey4kaSIaamizaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgwSixlaadgeacqGH9aqpcaWGJbGaeyyXICTaamyqaiabgUcaRiaadsgacqGHflY1caWGbbaaaa@4715@ .

  3. ( c , d 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGJbGaaiilaiaadsgacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3F1C@    ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@      ( c + d ) A = c ( d + A ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGJbGaey4kaSIaamizaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgwSixlaadgeacqGH9aqpcaWGJbGaeyyXIC9aaeWaaeaacaWGKbGaey4kaSIaamyqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@458E@ .

  4. ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@      1 A = A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgwSixlaadgeacqGH9aqpcaWGbbaaaa@3B87@ .

  5. Eskalar baten eta matrize baten arteko biderkaduraren iraulia eskalarraren eta matrizearen irauliaren arteko biderkadura da:

    ( c 𝕂 )> MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGJbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@3D82@ ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@         ( c A ) T = c A T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGJbGaeyyXICTaamyqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9iaadogacqGHflY1caWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaaa@4285@ .

Korolarioa ( 𝕂 m × n , + , ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaOGaaiilaiabgUcaRiaacYcacqGHflY1aiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@4306@ bektore-espazioa da.

Errenkada bektoreen eta zutabe-bektoreen arteko biderketa

Definizioa   a ¯ T = ( a ¯ 1 , , a ¯ n ) 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaOGaeyypa0ZaaeWaaeaaceWGHbGbaebadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccaGGSaGaeSOjGSKaaiilaiqadggagaqeamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@499F@ errenkada bektorea eta b ¯ = ( b 1 b n )   𝕂 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOyayaaraGaeyypa0ZaaeWaaeaafaqabeWabaaabaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiabl6UinbqaaiaadkgadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeiiaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@4577@

Zutabe-bektorea emanik, a ¯ T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaaa@37F2@ eta b ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOyayaaraaaaa@36ED@ bektoreen arteko biderkadura eskalar esaten zaio a ¯ T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaaa@37F2@ bektorearen osagai bakoitza dagokion b ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOyayaaraaaaa@36ED@ bektorearen osagaiarekin biderkatu eta biderkadura guztiak batzean lortzen den eskalarrari:

a ¯ T   b ¯ = ( a 1 a n )   ( b 1 b n )   =   a 1 b 1 + + a n b n = i = 1 n a i b i . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6818@

a ¯ T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaaa@37F2@ eta b ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmOyayaaraaaaa@36ED@ bektoreen arteko biderkadura eskalarra a ¯ T b ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaOGaeyyXIC9aa0aaaeaacaWGIbaaaaaa@3B3D@  (edo a ¯ T b ¯ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaOWaa0aaaeaacaWGIbaaaaaa@38F3@ ) moduan adierazten da. Eragiketaren beste izen bat bektoreen arteko barne-biderketa da.

Adibidez Izan bitez a ¯ = ( 1 4 3 )   b ¯ = ( 0 1 2 )     3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaaaaGccqGH9aqpdaqadaqaauaabeqadeaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGinaaqaaiabgkHiTiaaiodaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeiiaiaabYcacaqGGaWaa0aaaeaacaWGIbaaaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabmqaaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacaqGGaGaeyicI4Saaeiiaiabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaaG4maaaaaaa@4AB0@ ; orduan a ¯ T =   ( 1 4 3 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGabmyyayaaraWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaOGaeyypa0JaaeiiamaabmaabaqbaeqabeWaaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqG0aaabaGaeyOeI0Iaae4maaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3E4A@ da eta

  a ¯ T b ¯   =   ( 1 4 3 ) ( 0 1 2 )   =  1  0 + 4  ( 1)  +  ( + 3)   2 = 0 4 6 = 10 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6A8A@ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeSyhHekaaa@375E@ .

Matrizeen arteko biderketa

Definizioa A 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F31@  eta B 𝕂 n × p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgEna0kaadchaaaaaaa@3F35@  bi matrize emanik, A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren eta B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@-ren arteko biderkadura A B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgwSixlaadkeaaaa@39C7@ (edo A B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiaadkeaaaa@377D@ ), C = ( c i j ) 𝕂 m × p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4qaiabg2da9maabmaabaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGWbaaaaaa@44BF@ matrizea da, non c i j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaWGPbGaamOAaaqabaaaaa@38DF@ osagaia A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ matrizearen i MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyAaaaa@36DC@. errenkadaren eta B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@  matrizearen j MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOAaaaa@36DD@. zutabearen arteko biderkadura eskalarra den.

c i j = ( a i 1 a i n ) ( b 1 j b n j )   = k = 1 n a i k b k j ,    i = 1,..., m ; j = 1,..., p . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6DD0@

A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren eta B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@-ren arteko biderkadura kalkulatu ahal izateko, AMathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren zutabe-kopuruak eta B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@-ren errenkada-kopuruak berdinak izan behar dute, eta emaitza A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren errenkada-kopuru bera eta B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@-ren zutabe-kopuru bera dituen matrizea da.

A 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F31@ , B 𝕂 n × p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgEna0kaadchaaaaaaa@3F35@ . A B 𝕂 m × p MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4TaamyqaiabgwSixlaadkeacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGWbaaaaaa@44A1@

 

Adibidea A = ( 1 2 1 3 2 0 )     2 × 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabiWaaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIYaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqaaiaaiodaaeaacqGHsislcaaIYaaabaGaaGimaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacaqGGaGaeyicI4Saaeiiaiabl2riHoaaCaaaleqabaGaaGOmaiabgEna0kaaiodaaaaaaa@478B@  eta B = ( 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 )   3 × 4 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabmabaaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaikdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgIGiolaabccacqWIDesOdaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodacqGHxdaTcaaI0aaaaaaa@4A60@

matrizeak emanik, C = A B 𝕂 2 × 4 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4qaiabg2da9iaadgeacqGHflY1caWGcbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaGaey41aqRaaGinaaaaaaa@43A5@  honela kalkulatuko dugu:

  f ¯ 1 = ( 1 2 1 )    ,   f ¯ 2   = ( 3 2 0 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeiiaiqadAgagaqeamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakmaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9maabmaabaqbaeqabeWaaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqGYaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaeymaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabYcacaqGGaGaaeiiaiqadAgagaqeamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaakmaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiaabccacqGH9aqpdaqadaqaauaabeqabmaaaeaacaaIZaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaqaaiaaicdaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@4BDD@

A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ matrizearen errenkadak dira;

b 1 ¯   = ( 1 2 1 )     ,    b 2   ¯    = ( 1 0 1 )    ,    b 3 ¯    = ( 0 1 0 )    ,   b 4 ¯    = ( 0 0 0 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6219@

B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOqaaaa@36B5@ matrizearen zutabeak dira;

c 11   =   f ¯ 1   . b 1 ¯   = ( 1 2 1 )   ( 1 2 1 )    =  1 ( 1)  + 2 + ( 1)  = 2 , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@65EE@

c 12   =   f ¯ 1 b 2 ¯   =   ( 1 2 1 )   ( 1 0 1 )     = + + ( 1)  =  0 , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaGaaGOmaaqabaGccaqGGaGaeyypa0JaaeiiaiqadAgagaqeamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakmaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabgwSixpaanaaabaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaaaaGccaqGGaGaeyypa0JaaeiiamaabmaabaqbaeqabeWaaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqGYaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaeymaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacaqGGaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeWabaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaiabg2da9iaabgdacaqGGaGaeyyXICTaaeymaiaabccacqGHRaWkcaqGYaGaaeiiaiabgwSixlaabcdacaqGGaGaey4kaSIaaeikaiabgkHiTiaabgdacaqGPaGaaeiiaiabgwSixlaabgdacaqGGaGaeyypa0JaaeiiaiaabcdacaqGSaaaaa@6634@

c 13   = f ¯ 1     b 3 ¯   = ( 1 2 1 )   ( 0 1 0 )     =  1 + 2 + ( 1)   0 = 2 , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@64F0@

c 14   =   f ¯ 1 b 4 ¯   = ( 1 2 1 )   ( 0 0 0 )     =  1  0  +  2 +  ( 1)  =  0; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@66E6@

c 21   = f ¯ 2 b 1 ¯   =   ( 3 2 0 )   ( 1 2 1 )     =  3  ( 1)  +  ( 2)   2 + 0  1  =   7 , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6B02@

c 22   =   f ¯ 2 b 2 ¯   = ( 3 2 0 )   ( 1 0 1 )     = 3 +  ( 2)  0 +  0 = 3 , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6452@

c 23   =   f ¯ 2 b 3 ¯ = ( 3 2 0 )   ( 0 1 0 )     =  3 + ( 2)  1 +  0 = 2 , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@64B0@

c 24   =   f ¯ 2 b 4 ¯   = ( 3 2 0 ) ( 0 0 0 )   =  3 +  ( 2)  0  + 0 0 = 0 . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@627D@

Beraz,

C   =   A B   =    ( 2 0 2 0 7 3 2 0 )   . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4qaiaabccacqGH9aqpcaqGGaGaamyqaiaadkeacaqGGaGaeyypa0JaaeiiaiaabccadaqadaqaauaabeqacqaaaaqaaiaabkdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeOmaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacqGHsislcaqG3aaabaGaae4maaqaaiabgkHiTiaabkdaaeaacaqGWaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccacaqGUaaaaa@47F2@

Propietateak

  1. Matrizeen arteko biderketa elkarkorra da:

    ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@   ( B 𝕂 n × p ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGcbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamiCaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4197@   ( C 𝕂 p × q ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGdbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGWbGaey41aqRaamyCaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@419B@             ( A B ) C = A ( B C ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbGaeyyXICTaamOqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgwSixlaadoeacqGH9aqpcaWGbbGaeyyXIC9aaeWaaeaacaWGcbGaeyyXICTaam4qaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@47DA@ .

  2. Matrizeen arteko biderketa banakorra da batuketarekiko:

    ( A , B 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaaiilaiaadkeacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad2gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@430A@   ( C 𝕂 n × p ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGdbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamiCaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4198@                      ( A + B ) C = A C + B C MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbGaey4kaSIaamOqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiabgwSixlaadoeacqGH9aqpcaWGbbGaeyyXICTaam4qaiabgUcaRiaadkeacqGHflY1caWGdbaaaa@4693@ .

    ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@   ( B , C 𝕂 n × p ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGcbGaaiilaiaadoeacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gacqGHxdaTcaWGWbaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@430F@          A ( B + C ) = A B + A C MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgwSixpaabmaabaGaamOqaiabgUcaRiaadoeaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGH9aqpcaWGbbGaeyyXICTaamOqaiabgUcaRiaadgeacqGHflY1caWGdbaaaa@4691@ .

  3. ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@      A 0 n × p = 0 m × p ; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgwSixlaaicdadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgEna0kaadchaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimamaaBaaaleaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamiCaaqabaGccaqG7aaaaa@44A1@   0 q × m A = 0 q × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGimamaaBaaaleaacaWGXbGaey41aqRaamyBaaqabaGccqGHflY1caWGbbGaeyypa0JaaGimamaaBaaaleaacaWGXbGaey41aqRaamOBaaqabaaaaa@43DB@ .

  4. ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@      I m A = A I n = A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBaaaleaacaWGTbaabeaakiabgwSixlaadgeacqGH9aqpcaWGbbGaeyyXICTaamysamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadgeaaaa@42CF@ .

  5. ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@   ( B 𝕂 n × p ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGcbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamiCaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4197@      c ( A B ) = ( c A ) B = A ( c B ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabgwSixpaabmaabaGaamyqaiabgwSixlaadkeaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGH9aqpdaqadaqaaiaadogacqGHflY1caWGbbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyyXICTaamOqaiabg2da9iaadgeacqGHflY1daqadaqaaiaadogacqGHflY1caWGcbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@51B2@ .

  6. Matrizeen arteko biderkaduraren iraulia matrize iraulien arteko biderkadura da, baina ordena aldatuz:

    ( A 𝕂 m × n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4193@ ( B 𝕂 n × p ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHaiIicaWGcbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamiCaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4197@     ( A B ) T = B T A T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabmqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbGaeyyXICTaamOqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabg2da9iaadkeadaahaaWcbeqaaiaadsfaaaGccqGHflY1caWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaaa@4353@  .

Oharra Oro har, matrizeen arteko biderketa ez da barne-eragiketa bitarra 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaaa@3CE7@ multzoan; m n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ bada, ezin dira A , B 𝕂 m × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiaacYcacaWGcbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaaa@40A8@  biderkatu. Baina m = n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyBaiabg2da9iaad6gaaaa@38D9@ bada, alegia, ordena bereko matrize karratuen kasuan, biderketa egin daiteke eta, gainera, emaitza ere ordena bereko matrize karratua da.

Beraz, 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaaa@3CE8@ multzoan matrizeen arteko biderketa barne-eragiketa bitarra da:

A , B 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiaacYcacaWGcbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaaa@40A9@ A B 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4TaamyqaiabgwSixlaadkeacqGHiiIZcaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaaaa@44A0@

Korolarioa ( 𝕂 n × n , + , ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgadaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gacqGHxdaTcaWGUbaaaOGaaiilaiabgUcaRiaacYcacqGHflY1aiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@4307@ eraztun unitarioa da. Biderketarako elementu neutroa I n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamysamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37DB@ identitate matrizea da.

Oharra Oro har, matrizeen arteko biderketa ez da trukakorra. Adibidez,

( 1 2 0 1 )   ( 1 0 0 5 )   = ( 1 10 0 5 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeGacaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaikdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGymaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacaqGGaGaeyyXIC9aaeWaaeaafaqabeGacaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeynaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacaqGGaGaeyypa0ZaaeWaaeaafaqabeGacaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabgdacaqGWaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabwdaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@4892@

( 1 0 0 5 ) ( 1 2 0 1 )   = ( 1 2 0 5 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeGacaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGynaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHflY1daqadaqaauaabeqaciaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccacqGH9aqpdaqadaqaauaabeqaciaaaeaacaqGXaaabaGaaeOmaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqG1aaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@4759@

Matrize alderantzikagarriak

Definizioa A 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F32@ matrize karratua emanik, esango dugu A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ alderantzikagarria dela biderketarako simetrikoa baldin badu:

A 1 𝕂 m × m MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaey4aIqIaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaakiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamyBaiabgEna0kaad2gaaaaaaa@41E4@ , non A A 1 = A 1 A = I n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgwSixlaadgeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaOGaeyyXICTaamyqaiabg2da9iaadMeadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaa@4551@  den.

Ohi den moduan, A 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaaa@3889@ matrizeari A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@-ren alderantzizko esaten zaio.

Adibidea 

( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )    ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )    = ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )   ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )    = ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 )   . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeWadaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccacaqGGaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeWadaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeOmaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccacaqGGaGaeyypa0ZaaeWaaeaafaqabeWadaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeOmaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccadaqadaqaauaabeqadmaaaeaacaqGXaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacqGHsislcaqGYaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabgdaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeiiaiaabccacqGH9aqpdaqadaqaauaabeqadmaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaigdaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeiiaiaab6caaaa@67C8@

Hortaz,

( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )   MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeWadaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGOmaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccaaaa@3FAC@  alderantzikagarria da eta   ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 ) 1    =    ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )  ; MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeiiamaabmaabaqbaeqabmWaaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGXaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiabgkHiTiaabkdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeymaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccaqGGaGaaeiiaiabg2da9iaabccadaqadaqaauaabeqadmaaaeaacaqGXaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGYaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabgdaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeiiaiaabUdaaaa@4D8C@

baina

( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )     MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaafaqabeWadaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGimaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIWaaabaGaaGOmaaqaaiaaicdaaeaacaaIXaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaiaabccacaqGGaGaaeiiaaaa@4005@  ere alderantzikagarria da eta   ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 ) 1    =   ( 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 )    . MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeiiamaabmaabaqbaeqabmWaaaqaaiaabgdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGXaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabkdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeymaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacqGH9aqpdaqadaqaauaabeqadmaaaeaacaqGXaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacaqGWaaabaGaaeymaaqaaiaabcdaaeaacqGHsislcaqGYaaabaGaaeimaaqaaiaabgdaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaaeiiaiaab6caaaa@4D7F@

Propietateak

  1. Matrize baten alderantzizkoa existitzen bada, bakarra da.

  2. A 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F32@ emanik,

    A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@  alderantzikagarria MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4naaa@384B@ A 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaaa@3889@  alderantzikagarria da eta ( A 1 ) 1 = A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaOGaeyypa0Jaamyqaaaa@3DC7@  .

  3. Matrize alderantzikagarrien arteko biderkadura matrize alderantzikagarria da, eta alderantzizkoa alderantzizkoen arteko biderkadura da, baina ordena aldatuta.

    A , B 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiaacYcacaWGcbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaaa@40A9@ emanik,

    A , B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiaacYcacaWGcbaaaa@382B@ alderantzikagarriak MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4naaa@384B@ A B MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgwSixlaadkeaaaa@39C5@ alderantzikagarria da eta ( A B ) 1 = B 1 A 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbGaeyyXICTaamOqaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaakiabg2da9iaadkeadaahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccqGHflY1caWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaaaa@45BE@ .

  4. A 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F32@  emanik,

    A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ alderantzikagarria MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4naaa@384B@ A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ erregularra ( ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacqGHflY1aiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@39C1@ eragiketarekiko.

    Gl n ( 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3A47@n ordenako matrize alderantzikagarrien multzoa emanik,

    Gl n ( 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3A47@   = { A 𝕂 n × n : A 1 𝕂 n × n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyypa0ZaaiWaaeaacaWGbbGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaakiaacQdacqGHdicjcaWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaOGaeyicI4Saam4AaiaadUgacaWGRbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaey41aqRaamOBaaaaaOGaay5Eaiaaw2haaaaa@4F33@ ,

  5. (Gl n ( 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3A47@,·)taldea da. Talde horri n ordenako talde lineal esaten zaio.

  6. Matrize alderantzikagarri baten iraulia alderantzikagarria da, eta irauliaren alderantzizkoa, alderantzizkoaren iraulia. A 𝕂 n × n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiolaadUgacaWGRbGaam4AamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgEna0kaad6gaaaaaaa@3F32@  emanik,

    A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaiabgIGiodaa@3838@Gl n ( 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3A47@  (hau da, A MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyqaaaa@36B4@ alderantzikagarria) A T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyO0H4TaamyqamaaCaaaleqabaGaamivaaaakiabgIGiodaa@3BA5@   Gln ( 𝕂 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGRbGaam4AaiaadUgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@3A47@  eta   ( A T ) 1 = ( A 1 ) T MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaeWaaeaacaWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaOGaeyypa0ZaaeWaaeaacaWGbbWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGubaaaaaa@4166@ .