serie

1. Geol.

Unitate kronoestratigrafikoa, sistema baino txikiagoa eta estaia baino handiagoa. Seriea epoka bateko denboran eratutako arroka-gorputza da; beraz, epoka da seriearen baliokide geokronologikoa. Kasu gehienetan serieak eta dagokion epokak izen bera dute. Esate baterako, Eozeno seriea Eozeno epokan eratutako arroka-gorputza da. Seriea multzokatutako zenbait estaiaz osatuta dago eta multzokatutako zenbait seriek sistema osatzen dute.

2. Kim.

Karbono- eta hidrogeno-atomoen kopuruen artean erlazio jakin bat gordetzen duten konposatu organikoen taldea.

3. Mat.

Segida baten gaien batuketa. {a1, a2, a3, ..., an, ...} segida bati a1 + a2 + a3 +...+ an + ... seriea dagokio. Σ ikurra erabiltzen da serieak idazteko, Σ an. Serieak gai-kopuru finitu edo infinitua izan dezake, eta, horren arabera, serie finitu edo serie infinitu deritzo. Seriearen enegarren gaia, an, gai orokorra da. Seriearen gaien balioen arabera izendatzen dira serieak; hala, gaiak zenbakiak badira, zenbaki-serieak ditugu; gaiak funtzioak badira, funtzio-serieak; funtzio trigonometrikoak direnean, serie trigonometrikoak ditugu eta abar.

3. Mat.
Segida baten gaien batuketa. {a1, a2, a3, ..., an, ...} segida bati a1 + a2 + a3 +...+ an + ... seriea dagokio. Σ ikurra erabiltzen da serieak idazteko, Σ an. Serieak gai-kopuru finitu edo infinitua izan dezake, eta, horren arabera, serie finitu edo serie infinitu deritzo. Seriearen enegarren gaia, an, gai orokorra da. Seriearen gaien balioen arabera izendatzen dira serieak; hala, gaiak zenbakiak badira, zenbaki-serieak ditugu; gaiak funtzioak badira, funtzio-serieak; funtzio trigonometrikoak direnean, serie trigonometrikoak ditugu eta abar.

Seriea Edit

Egilea: Patxi Angulo Martin

Serieak

Serieak MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuqacqWFDeIuaaa@40A7@  multzoan

Seriea eta serie baten batura

Definizioa { a n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiqaaeaadaGacaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaakiaaw2haaaGaay5EaaGaeyOGIW8efv3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuqacqWFDeIuaaa@46E9@  zenbaki errealen segida bat emanik, segidaren gai guztien batuketari,

a 1 + a 2 + + a n + , MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGOmaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcqWIVlctcqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaeS47IWKaaiilaaaa@43BF@

serie deituko diogu, eta honela adieraziko dugu: n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@

a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37F3@   seriearen gai orokorra da.

S n = a 1 + a 2 + + a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4uamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGymaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaeS47IWKaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@433D@   seriearen n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ . batura partziala da.

R n = a n + 1 + a n + 2 + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOuamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGOmaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcqWIVlctaaa@43FF@  seriearen n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ . hondarra da.

Konturatu gaitezen S n + R n = ( a 1 + a 2 + + a n ) + ( a n + 1 + a n + 2 + ) = n = 1 a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4uamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadkfadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaGGOaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIXaaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGOmaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcqWIVlctcqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaaiykaiabgUcaRiaacIcacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaikdaaeqaaOGaey4kaSIaeS47IWKaaiykaiabg2da9maaqahabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaGymaaqaaiabg6HiLcqdcqGHris5aaaa@5E2F@   dela.

Definizioa n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea emanik, seriearen batura deituko diogu batura partzialen segidaren limiteari, hau da,

lim n S n = lim n ( a 1 + a 2 + + a n ) = a 1 + a 2 + + a n + = n = 1 a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=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@6B26@

balioari.

Serieen problema nagusia seriearen a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaa@37F3@  gai orokorretik seriearen batura lortzea da, hau da,

lim n S n = n = 1 a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbeaeaaciGGSbGaaiyAaiaac2gaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHsgIRcqGHEisPaeqaaOGaam4uamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg2da9maaqahabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaGymaaqaaiabg6HiLcqdcqGHris5aaaa@48B9@

kalkulatzea.

Serieak batura finitua duenean, batura zehatza kalkulatzea interesatuko zaigu. Kasu askotan, badaude batura hori zehazki kalkulatzeko metodoak eta formulak. Hala ere, hori ez da serie guztiekin gertatzen. Orduan, batura zehazki kalkulaezina denean, gutxi gorabeherako batura, hots, batura hurbildua kalkulatzen saiatzen gara. Baina batura hurbildua kalkulatzen dugunean, errore bat egiten dugu; errore hori bornatu beharrean gaude hurbilketa ona izan dadin. Batura hurbildua { S n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGtbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A20@ batura partzialen bidez kalkulatzen da, eta errorea { R n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGsbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A1F@ hondarren bidez.

Serie baten izaera

Definizioa n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea konbergentea, dibergentea edo oszilatzailea dela esango dugu { S n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGtbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A20@ batura partzialen segida konbergentea, dibergentea edo oszilatzailea denean, hurrenez hurren.

Definizioak esaten digu seriea konbergentea denean batura finitua duela, dibergentea denean batura infinitua duela eta oszilatzailea denean ez duela baturarik.

Adibidea Serie geometrikoa

n a r n 1 = a + a r + a r 2 + a r 3 + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbGaamOCamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoakiabg2da9iaadggacqGHRaWkcaWGHbGaamOCaiabgUcaRiaadggacaWGYbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIYaaaaOGaey4kaSIaamyyaiaadkhadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaiodaaaGccqGHRaWkcqWIVlctaaa@4C87@

serieari serie geometriko deituko diogu, a 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiabgcMi5kaaicdaaaa@3955@  izanik, eta r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabgIGiolabl2riHcaa@39D9@  balioari serie geometrikoaren arrazoi.

Seriearen lehenengo n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@  gaien batura, n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOBaaaa@36E1@ . batura partziala, hau da:

S n = a ( 1 r n ) 1 r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGtbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGHbWaaeWaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaamOCamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaaqaaiaaigdacqGHsislcaWGYbaaaaaa@453C@ , r 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabgcMi5kaaigdaaaa@3967@  denean, eta  S n = a + a + + a = n a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4uamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg2da9iaadggacqGHRaWkcaWGHbGaey4kaSIaeS47IWKaey4kaSIaamyyaiabg2da9iaad6gacaWGHbaaaa@431A@ , r = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@38A6@  denean.

Batura partzialen segidaren limitea kalkulatuz, emaitza hauek lortuko ditugu:

  1. r 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOCaiabgsMiJkabgkHiTiaaigdaaaa@3A42@  denean, n a r n 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiaadggacaWGYbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaeaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@40FE@  serie geometrikoa oszilatzailea da.

  2. 1 < r < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaiabgYda8iaadkhacqGH8aapcaaIXaaaaa@3B50@  denean, n a r n 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiaadggacaWGYbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaeaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@40FE@  serie geometrikoa konbergentea da eta batura s = a 1 r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4Caiabg2da9maalaaabaGaamyyaaqaaiaaigdacqGHsislcaWGYbaaaaaa@3B81@  da.

  3. 1 r MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgsMiJkaadkhaaaa@3955@  denean, n a r n 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiaadggacaWGYbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaeaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@40FE@  serie geometrikoa dibergentea da.

Batura partzialen limitea kalkulatu baino lehen, batura existituko denetz esango digun irizpidea interesatzen zaigu. Serie guztietarako balio duten emaitzak dira hauek:

Teorema Cauchyren irizpidea

n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea konbergentea da, baldin eta soilik baldin hau betetzen badu:

ε > 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaeqyTduMaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaa@3A27@   n 0 ( ε ) / p , q n 0 ( ε ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaey4aIqIaamOBamaaBaaaleaacaaIWaaabeaakmaabmaabaGaeqyTdugacaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyicI4SaeSyfHuQaai4laiabgcGiIiaadchacaGGSaGaamyCaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaGcdaqadaqaaiabew7aLbGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@49BD@    | S q S p | = | a p + 1 + a p + 2 + + a q | < ε MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaqWaaeaacaWGtbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadghaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0Iaam4uamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbaabeaaaOGaay5bSlaawIa7aiabg2da9maaemaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGWbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaadchacqGHRaWkcaaIYaaabeaakiabgUcaRiabl+UimjabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamyCaaqabaaakiaawEa7caGLiWoacqGH8aapcqaH1oqzaaa@52DA@ .

Korolarioa n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea konbergentea bada, lim n a n = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGccaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@4481@  beteko da.

Oharra.

lim n a n = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGccaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@4481@  izateak ez du esan nahi n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea konbergentea denik. Adibide hau da horren lekuko.

Adibidea Serie harmonikoa

n 1 n = 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aOGaeyypa0JaaGymaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaikdaaaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaG4maaaacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaI0aaaaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaiwdaaaGaey4kaSIaeS47IWeaaa@4C67@  serieari serie harmoniko deritzo.

Frogatu daiteke serie harmonikoak ez duela Cauchyren irizpidea betetzen, eta, beraz, ez dela konbergentea; baina lim n 1 n = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGcdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@4430@  da.

Korolarioa n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea konbergentea da baldin eta soilik baldin lim n R n = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGccaWGsbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@4472@  bada.

Gai positibotako serieak

Definizioa eta propietateak

Definizioa n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  gai positibotako seriea da gai batetik aurrera gai guztiak positiboak badira, hau da, n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@    a n > 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@39BF@  bada.

Propietateak n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  gai positibotako seriea emanik,

  1. { S n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGtbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A20@  segida hertsiki monotono gorakorra da.

  2. Seriea konbergentea ala dibergentea da, baina inoiz ez oszilatzailea.

  3. Elkartze-legea: n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriearen izaera eta batura ez dira aldatzen, ondoz ondoko gaien taldeen ordez beren baturak jartzen badira.

  4. Banatze-legea: n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriearen izaera ez da aldatzen bere gai guztiak λ 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeq4UdWMaeyiyIKRaaGimaaaa@3A23@  konstante batez biderkatzen badira. Horrez gain, n = 1 a n = s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeWbqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaaigdaaeaacqGHEisPa0GaeyyeIuoakiabg2da9iaadohaaaa@43B7@  bada, n = 1 λ a n = λ s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeWbqaaiabeU7aSjaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaiabg2da9iaaigdaaeaacqGHEisPa0GaeyyeIuoakiabg2da9iabeU7aSjaadohaaaa@471F@  izango da.

  5. Trukatze-legea: n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriearen izaera eta batura ez dira aldatzen bere gaiak edonola berrordenatzen badira ere.

Konparaziozko irizpide orokorra

Definizioa

  1. n b n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFE@  seriea n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriearen serie maiorantea da  n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@    b n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabgwMiZkaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaa@3BC9@  bada.

  2. n b n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFE@  seriea n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriearen serie minorantea da  n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@    b n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabgsMiJkaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaa@3BB8@  bada.

Teorema Konparaziozko irizpide orokorra

  1. n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  serieak serie maiorante konbergentea onartzen badu, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea ere konbergentea izango da.

  2. n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  serieak serie minorante dibergentea onartzen badu, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea ere dibergentea izango da.

Adibidea Serie harmoniko orokortua

n 1 n α = 1 + 1 2 α + 1 3 α + 1 4 α + 1 5 α + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gadaahaaWcbeqaaiabeg7aHbaaaaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoakiabg2da9iaaigdacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIYaWaaWbaaSqabeaacqaHXoqyaaaaaOGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaG4mamaaCaaaleqabaGaeqySdegaaaaakiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaaisdadaahaaWcbeqaaiabeg7aHbaaaaGccqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaI1aWaaWbaaSqabeaacqaHXoqyaaaaaOGaey4kaSIaeS47IWeaaa@557F@

seriea serie harmoniko orokortua da, α + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdeMaeyicI4SaeSyhHe6aaWbaaSqabeaacqGHRaWkaaaaaa@3B90@  izanik.

  1. α = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdeMaeyypa0JaaGymaaaa@394E@   kasuan, n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@3E21@  serie harmonikoa dugu, dibergentea.

  2. α < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdeMaeyipaWJaaGymaaaa@394C@  denean, n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@3E21@  serie harmonikoa n 1 n α MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gadaahaaWcbeqaaiabeg7aHbaaaaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@3FE2@  seriearen serie minorante dibergentea da. Irizpidea erabiliz, n 1 n α MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gadaahaaWcbeqaaiabeg7aHbaaaaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@3FE2@  seriea ere dibergentea da.

  3. α > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeqySdeMaeyOpa4JaaGymaaaa@3950@   kasuan, frogatu daiteke serie harmoniko orokortua konbergentea dela.

Korolarioa { a n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A2E@  eta { b n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A2F@  segidek lim n a n b n = c 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGcdaWcaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaakeaacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaaakiabg2da9iaadogacqGHGjsUcaaIWaaaaa@4950@  betetzen badute, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  eta n b n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFE@  serieek izaera berbera dute.

c = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4yaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@3897@  kasuan, { a n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A2E@  eta { b n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGIbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A2F@  segidak baliokideak dira. Hortaz, bi segida baliokideak direnean, dagozkien serieak izaera berekoak dira.

Adibidea n sin 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@40FA@  seriea dibergentea da.

Badakigu { 1 n } { sin 1 n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGadaqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaacaGL7bGaayzFaaGaeSipIOZaaiWaaeaaciGGZbGaaiyAaiaac6gadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaaGaay5Eaiaaw2haaaaa@452D@ baliokidetza betetzen dela; beraz, n sin 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@40FA@  eta n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@3E22@  serieek izaera bera dute; serie harmonikoa dibergentea denez, n sin 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiGacohacaGGPbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@40FA@  seriea ere dibergentea da.

Konparaziozko irizpide orokorraren aplikazioak

Teorema Erroaren edo Cauchyren irizpidea

n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@    a n n r < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGcbaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaaaakiabgsMiJkaadkhacqGH8aapcaaIXaaaaa@40CB@  bada, a n + 1 a n r < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaGccqGHKjYOcaWGYbGaeyipaWJaaGymaaaa@4384@  konbergentea izango da.

n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@    a n n 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGcbaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaaaakiabgwMiZkaaigdaaaa@3EE1@   bada, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@3E5E@  dibergentea izango da.

Erregela praktikoa: lim n a n n = l MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGcdaGcbaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaaaakiabg2da9iaadYgaaaa@45BB@  bada,

l < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabgYda8iaaigdaaaa@389E@  denean, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  konbergentea izango da.

l > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@38A2@  denean, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  dibergentea izango da.

l = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@38A0@  denean, zalantzazko kasua dugu.

Teorema Zatiduraren edo D'Alemberten irizpidea

n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@     a n + 1 a n r < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaGccqGHKjYOcaWGYbGaeyipaWJaaGymaaaa@4384@  bada, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  konbergentea izango da.

n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@     a n + 1 a n 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaGccqGHLjYScaaIXaaaaa@419A@  bada, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  dibergentea izango da.

Erregela praktikoa: lim n a n + 1 a n = l MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGcdaWcaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGSbaaaa@4874@  bada,

l < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabgYda8iaaigdaaaa@389E@  denean, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  konbergentea izango da.

l > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@38A2@  denean, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  dibergentea izango da.

l = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@38A0@  denean, zalantzazko kasua dugu.

Teorema Raaberen irizpidea

n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@   n ( 1 a n + 1 a n ) r > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGUbWaaeWaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyyzImRaamOCaiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@47BD@  bada, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  konbergentea izango da.

n n 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaeyiaIiIaamOBaiabgwMiZkaad6gadaWgaaWcbaGaaGimaaqabaaaaa@3B50@   n ( 1 a n + 1 a n ) 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGUbWaaeWaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyizImQaaGymaaaa@45AD@  n  bada, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  dibergentea izango da.

Irizpide hau lim n a n + 1 a n = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGcdaWcaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaGccqGH9aqpcaaIXaaaaa@483E@  denean erabiliko dugu.

Erregela praktikoa : lim n n ( 1 a n + 1 a n ) = l MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGccaWGUbWaaeWaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyypa0JaamiBaaaa@4C97@  bada,

l < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabgYda8iaaigdaaaa@389E@  denean, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  konbergentea izango da.

l > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@38A2@  denean, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  dibergentea izango da.

l = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamiBaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@38A0@  denean, zalantzazko kasua dugu.

Adibidea Azter dezagun n a ln n b n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaamyyamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGUbaaaaGcbaGaamOyamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@4264@  seriearen izaera a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaaaa@36D4@  eta b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaaaa@36D5@  balioen arabera, a , b > 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyaiaacYcacaWGIbGaeyOpa4JaaGimaaaa@3A2D@  izanik.

Erroaren irizpidea: a n n = a ln n b n n = a l n n / n b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGcbaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaaaakiabg2da9maakeaabaWaaSaaaeaacaWGHbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBaiaad6gaaaaakeaacaWGIbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbaaaaaaaeaacaWGUbaaaOGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaWGHbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbWaaSGbaeaacaGGUbGaamOBaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaaGcbaGaamOyaaaaaaa@4B78@  da eta, beraz, lim n a n n = 1 b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGcdaGcbaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaabaGaamOBaaaakiabg2da9maalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadkgaaaaaaa@467C@  da.

1 b < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOyaaaacqGH8aapcaaIXaaaaa@395F@ , hau da, b > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabg6da+iaaigdaaaa@3898@  bada, n a ln n b n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaamyyamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGUbaaaaGcbaGaamOyamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@4264@  konbergentea da.

1 b > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOyaaaacqGH+aGpcaaIXaaaaa@3963@ , hau da, b < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabgYda8iaaigdaaaa@3894@  bada, n a ln n b n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaamyyamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gacaWGUbaaaaGcbaGaamOyamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaaaabaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@4264@  dibergentea da.

1 b = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOyaaaacqGH9aqpcaaIXaaaaa@3961@ , hau da, b = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@3896@  bada, zalantzazko kasua dugu. Hori argitzeko, zatiduraren irizpidea erabiliko dugu.

b = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOyaiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@3896@  denean, n a ln n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@4043@  seriea dugu.

a n + 1 a n = a ln ( n + 1 ) a ln n = a ln ( n + 1 ) ln n = a ln n + 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeqaaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbWaaeWaaeaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaaaOqaaiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamOBaaaaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBamaabmaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGHsislciGGSbGaaiOBaiaad6gaaaGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaaaaaaa@5EB1@ dugu; eta limitea kalkulatuz, lim n a ln n + 1 n = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGccaWGHbWaaWbaaSqabeaaciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaamOBaiabgUcaRiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaaaakiabg2da9iaaigdaaaa@4907@  

Hortaz, berriro ere zalantzazko kasua dugu.

Azkenik, Raaberen irizpidea erabiliko dugu.

n ( 1 a n + 1 a n ) = n ( 1 a ln n + 1 n ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGUbWaaeWaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0YaaSaaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabeaaaOqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaGaeyypa0JaamOBamaabmaabaGaaGymaiabgkHiTiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbWaaSaaaeaacaWGUbGaey4kaSIaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@4EFB@  da, eta lim n n ( 1 a ln n + 1 n ) = ln a = ln 1 a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGccaWGUbWaaeWaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaamyyamaaCaaaleqabaGaciiBaiaac6gadaWcaaqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkcaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaaaaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGH9aqpcqGHsislciGGSbGaaiOBaiaadggacqGH9aqpciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadggaaaaaaa@54C2@ .

ln 1 a > 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadggaaaGaeyOpa4JaaGymaaaa@3EA6@ , edo 1 a > e MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGHbaaaiabg6da+iaadwgaaaa@3CF1@ , edo a < 1 e MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGHbGaeyipaWZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamyzaaaaaaa@3CED@  bada,   n a ln n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@4043@ konbergentea da.

ln 1 a < 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadggaaaGaeyipaWJaaGymaaaa@3EA2@ , edo 1 a < e MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGHbaaaiabgYda8iaadwgaaaa@3CED@ , edo a > 1 e MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGHbGaeyOpa4ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamyzaaaaaaa@3CF1@  bada,   n a ln n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaaiaadggadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@4043@ dibergentea da.

ln 1 a = 1 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaaciGGSbGaaiOBamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaadggaaaGaeyypa0JaaGymaaaa@3EA4@ , edo 1 a = e MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGHbaaaiabg2da9iaadwgaaaa@3CEF@ , edo a = 1 e MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWGHbGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamyzaaaaaaa@3CEF@  bada, n ( 1 / e ) ln n = n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaabmaabaWaaSGbaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamyzaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaadaahaaWcbeqaaiGacYgacaGGUbGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aOGaeyypa0ZaaabuaeaadaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaaWcbaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@4885@  serie harmonikoa dugu, eta hori dibergentea da.

Horrekin aukera guztiak aztertu ditugu, eta seriearen izaeraren azterketa bukatu dugu.

Serie alternatuak

Definizioa Izan bedi { a n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A2E@ segida, a n > 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaakiabg6da+iaaicdaaaa@39BF@  izanik.

n ( 1 ) n 1 a n = a 1 a 2 + a a 4 + MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaabmaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdGccqGH9aqpcaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaaigdaaeqaaOGaeyOeI0IaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaakiabgUcaRiaadggadaWgaaWcbaWaaWbaaWqabeaacaaIZaaaaaWcbeaakiabgkHiTiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaaGinaaqabaGccqGHRaWkcqWIVlctaaa@5298@

serieari serie alternatu deituko diogu.

Gogoan izan segidaren gaiak positiboak direla baina seriearen gaiak positiboak eta negatiboak direla, txandaka; berdin “minus” zeinuarekin hasiz gero.

Teorema Leibnizen irizpidea

Izan bedi n ( 1 ) n 1 a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaabmaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@4461@ serie alternatua. { a n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaiWaaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaGccaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@3A2E@ segida hertsiki beherakorra bada eta lim n a n = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGccaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGimaaaa@4481@  bada, n ( 1 ) n 1 a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaabmaabaGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@4461@ serie alternatua konbergentea izango da.

Adibidea Azter dezagun n ( 1 ) n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaWaaeWaaeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaOqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@436A@  serie alternatuaren izaera.

{ a n } = { 1 n } MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaGadaqaaiaadggadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqabaaakiaawUhacaGL9baacqGH9aqpdaGadaqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaacaGL7bGaayzFaaaaaa@4283@ da; segida hori hertsiki beherakorra da, eta lim n 1 n = 0 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaWfqaqaaiGacYgacaGGPbGaaiyBaaWcbaGaamOBaiabgkziUkabg6HiLcqabaGcdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaWGUbaaaiabg2da9iaaicdaaaa@4430@ . Orduan, Leibnizen teoremaren arabera, n ( 1 ) n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaWaaeWaaeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaOqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@436A@  serie alternatua konbergentea da.

Gai positibo eta negatibotako serieak

Definizioa Gai positiboak eta negatiboak dituen n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea absolutuki konbergentea dela esango dugu balio absolutuen n | a n | MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaaemaabaGaamyyamaaBaaaleaacaWGUbaabeaaaOGaay5bSlaawIa7aaWcbaGaamOBaaqab0GaeyyeIuoaaaa@4195@  seriea konbergentea denean.

Definizioa n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea konbergentea bada baina ez absolutuki konbergentea, baldintzaz konbergentea dela esango dugu.

Adibidea n ( 1 ) n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaWaaeWaaeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaOqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@436A@  serie alternatua konbergentea dela ikusi dugu. Bestalde,

| ( 1 ) n 1 n | = 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaabdaqaamaalaaabaWaaeWaaeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaOqaaiaad6gaaaaacaGLhWUaayjcSdGaeyypa0ZaaSaaaeaacaaIXaaabaGaamOBaaaaaaa@463A@

dugu; beraz, balio absolutuen seriea n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaGaaGymaaqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@3E22@  serie harmonikoa da, dibergentea. Hortaz, n ( 1 ) n 1 n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9Gq=xcvk9pIe9q8qqaq=dir=f0=yqaqVeLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaadaaeqbqaamaalaaabaWaaeWaaeaacqGHsislcaaIXaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaWGUbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaaaaOqaaiaad6gaaaaaleaacaWGUbaabeqdcqGHris5aaaa@436A@  serie alternatua baldintzaz konbergentea da.

Teorema n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  serie absolutuki konbergentea bada, n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  serie konbergentea da.

Teorema Riemannen teorema

n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  seriea baldintzaz konbergentea bada, bere gaiak komeni den bezala berrordenatuz, honelako serieak lor daitezke:

  1. baturatzat balio finitu ezaguna duen serie konbergente bat;

  2. serie dibergente bat;

  3. serie oszilatzaile bat.

Teorema Dirichleten teorema

n a n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagaart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=xfr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaabuaeaacaWGHbWaaSbaaSqaaiaad6gaaeqaaaqaaiaad6gaaeqaniabggHiLdaaaa@3AFD@  serie batek trukatze-propietatea beteko du baldin eta soilik baldin absolutuki konbergentea bada.